research

For the next few months, we will be publishing small sets of customized vocabularies based on popular news items. The vocabularies will feature a set of new words which (fingers crossed) have never before existed in the common vocabulary known as the English language.

The vocabulary words and accompanying definitions are computer generated using a multi-step definition generator. Output of the generator will be enhanced and tweaked over time as new theories are tested and new ideas come to light. More information on the GTR Dictionary Project can be found here : GTR Dictionary Project.

For the next few months, we will be publishing small sets of customized vocabularies based on popular news items. The vocabularies will feature a set of new words which (fingers crossed) have never before existed in the common vocabulary known as the English language.

The vocabulary words and accompanying definitions are computer generated using a multi-step definition generator. Output of the generator will be enhanced and tweaked over time as new theories are tested and new ideas come to light. More information on the GTR Dictionary Project can be found here : GTR Dictionary Project.

With the release of the open source Firefox browser, numerous spin off projects have been launched building off the core Firefox browsing functionality. Two of the more interesting offshoots are Flock and Songbird.

Flock advertises itself as a "social browser" because of its built in support for many social networking services such as Flickr, Del.icio.us, Technorati and others. Songbird describes itself as a mishmash digital jukebox, web browser and media player with some interesting features for "playing the web".

Fun times all around ! Google has finally released "version 1" of their N-gram word data sets through the Linguistic Data Consortium. For $150 US, you too can own the following on a 6 DVD set:

File sizes: approx. 24 GB compressed (gzip'ed) text files



Number of tokens:    1,024,908,267,229
Number of sentences:    95,119,665,584
Number of unigrams:         13,588,391
Number of bigrams:         314,843,401
Number of trigrams:        977,069,902
Number of fourgrams:     1,313,818,354
Number of fivegrams:     1,176,470,663

Google Research announced today that they will be releasing their N-gram data to the public. N-gram models are a type of statistical model used to predict the occurance likelihood of the next item in a sequence, in this case, the items are words. N-gram models are used in a number of computational linguistics tasks like translation, part of speech tagging and word sense disambiguation.

Over at Jim Carpenter's blog, he has a series building on why aesthetic language generation (ALG) is difficult. There are plenty of discussions on the nature of working with aesthetic text generation systems from a writer/reader perspective, but very little on the challenges and questions raised in the actual construction of these systems (outside of the purely technical discussions within fields like Computational Linguistics). Jim has constructed a large scale electronic text composition system entitled "Erica T. Carter" and knows first hand the issues involved. Anyone interested in this area should keep an eye on his posts.

The purpose of this publications library is to archive publications, or links to websites hosting publications, related to the intersection of computer technology and writing.

This would include publications from various fields of language related computing: Computational Linguistics (CL), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Humanities Computing, Computer Poetry etc. GTR claims no rights or ownership to these works, copyright is held by the respective author.

• Multilingual Algorithms for Literary Text Analysis (MALTA) (1989?)
  Authors: Paul Braffort, Josiane Joncquel (members of the ALAMO group)
  Visiting scholars, University of Chicago
  Visit website
  
• Literalgorithmics: Wanderings in Linguistic and Literary Text Analysis (1989)
  Authors: Paul Braffort (ALAMO)
  internal ALAMO report
  Visit website
  
• What is text analysis, really? (2003)
  Authors: Geoffrey Rockwell
  Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2003, p. 209-219.
  download [252.43 KB]
  
• Segmenting Natural Language by Articulatory Features (1967)
  Authors: David Shillan
  Cambridge Language Research Unit
  download [457.11 KB]
  
• About TextTiling
  Authors: Marti Hearst
  Visit website
  
• Seeing the Text Through the Trees: Visualization and Interactivity in the Text Applications (1999)
  Authors: Dr. Geoffrey Rockwell, John Bradley and Patricia Monger
  Literary and Linguistic Computing, vol. 14, no. 1, 1999, p. 115-130.
  download [295.14 KB]
  
• Discrimination of Authoship using Visualization (1994)
  Authors: Bradley Kjell, W. Addison Woods, Ophir Fieder
  Information Processing and Management, Volume 30, Number 1, 1994
  download [346.43 KB]
  

• A Flexible Integrated Architecture For Generating Poetic Texts (2000)
  Authors: Hisar Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, Henry Thompson
  In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP 2000), Chiang Mai, Thailand 10-12 May 2000
  download [182.19 KB]
  
• Towards A Computational Model of Poetry Generation (2000)
  Authors: Hisar Maruli Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, Henry Thompson
  Informatics Research Report EDI-INF-RR-0015
  download [72.24 KB]
  
• Linguistic Creativity at Different Levels of Decision in Sentence Production (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid
  download [161.53 KB]
  
• Modeling Literary Style for Semi-Automatic Generation of Poetry (2001)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Programación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [21.73 KB]
  
• Exploring Quantitative Evaluations of the Creativity of Automatic Poets (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [66.55 KB]
  
• Principles and Processes of Generative Literature: Questions to Literature (2005)
  Authors: Jean-Pierre Balpe
  dichtung-digital - journal für digitale ästhetik
  Visit website
  
• Literalgorithmics: Wanderings in Linguistic and Literary Text Analysis (1989)
  Authors: Paul Braffort (ALAMO)
  internal ALAMO report
  Visit website
  
• French e-poetry: A short/long story (2002)
  Authors: Patrick-Henri Burgaud
  dichtung-digital - journal für digitale ästhetik
  Visit website
  
• Producing Computer Poetry (1977)
  Authors: Margaret Chisman
  The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2
  Visit website
  
• Writers and Computers: An Interview With Carol Spearin McCauley (1977)
  Authors: Cathy Silverstein
  The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2
  Visit website
  
• Haiku Generator (1977)
  Authors: Paul J. Emmerich
  The Best of Creative Computing Volume 2
  Visit website
  
• COMPUTER POETRY (1992)
  Authors: M. Vincent van Mechelen
  Visit website
  
• Gnoetry: interview with Eric Elshtain (2006)
  Authors: Christy Dena
  WRT: Writer Response Theory
  Visit website
  
• The WASP Poetry Generation System (2005)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Visit website
  
• Reading Processes: Hartman’s Virtual Muse (2005)
  Authors: Noah Wardrip-Fruin
  http://grandtextauto.gatech.edu
  Visit website
  
• TEAnO, an Organization for the Application of Computers to Art Production (1996)
  Authors: P. Ferrara - Etnoteam spa, TEAnO
  TEAnO
  download [179.55 KB]
  Visit website
  
• Digital Poetry Timeline (2003)
  Authors: Christopher T. Funkhouser
  http://web.njit.edu/~funkhous
  Visit website
  
• Poetry Digital Media and Cybertext (2004)
  Authors: Christopher T. Funkhouser
  http://web.njit.edu/~funkhous
  download [1.12 MB]
  
• An Evolutionary Algorithm Approach to Poetry Generation (2003)
  Authors: Hisar Maruli Manurung
  Institute for Communicating and Collaborative Systems, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh
  download [2.11 MB]
  
• TCR September Launch Party
  download [162.99 KB]
  

• A Flexible Integrated Architecture For Generating Poetic Texts (2000)
  Authors: Hisar Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, Henry Thompson
  In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP 2000), Chiang Mai, Thailand 10-12 May 2000
  download [182.19 KB]
  
• Building Applied Natural Language Generation Systems (1997)
  Authors: Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale
  Journal of Natural Language Engineering ,
  download [382.44 KB]
  
• TIPSTER Text Phase III : TIPSTER Text Architecture Design - (Version 3.1 7) (1998)
  Authors: Ralph Grishman and the TIPSTER Phase III Contractors.
  download [263.42 KB]
  
• TIPSTER Text Phase III : Configuration Management Plan (Version 1.3, 25) (1997)
  Authors: Architecture Committee for the TIPSTER Text Phase III Program
  download [124.14 KB]
  
• TIPSTER Text Phase II : Architecture Requirements - (Version 2.0.1 27) (1996)
  Authors: Architecture Committee for the TIPSTER Text Phase II Program
  download [173.15 KB]
  
• TIPSTER Text Phase II : Architecture Concept - (Version 1.1.2 27) (1996)
  Authors: Architecture Committee for the TIPSTER Text Phase II Program
  download [143.69 KB]
  
• Modeling Literary Style for Semi-Automatic Generation of Poetry (2001)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Programación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [21.73 KB]
  
• Multilingual Algorithms for Literary Text Analysis (MALTA) (1989?)
  Authors: Paul Braffort, Josiane Joncquel (members of the ALAMO group)
  Visiting scholars, University of Chicago
  Visit website
  
• Literalgorithmics: Wanderings in Linguistic and Literary Text Analysis (1989)
  Authors: Paul Braffort (ALAMO)
  internal ALAMO report
  Visit website
  
• Gnoetry: interview with Eric Elshtain (2006)
  Authors: Christy Dena
  WRT: Writer Response Theory
  Visit website
  
• The WASP Poetry Generation System (2005)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Visit website
  
• Seeing the Text Through the Trees: Visualization and Interactivity in the Text Applications (1999)
  Authors: Dr. Geoffrey Rockwell, John Bradley and Patricia Monger
  Literary and Linguistic Computing, vol. 14, no. 1, 1999, p. 115-130.
  download [295.14 KB]
  
• FROGS: A Framework for Developing Natural Language Generation Software (2005)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás, Raquel Hervás Ballesteros, Carlos García Ibáñez and Miguel Ancochea Nodal
  Visit website
  

• Natural Language Processing: a historical review (2001)
  Authors: Karen Sparck Jones
  Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge
  download [402.71 KB]
  
• Machine Translation at the Cambridge Language Research Unit 1956-1967 (1986)
  Authors: John Hutchins
  Machine translation: past, present, future
  download [175.95 KB]
  Visit website
  
• Digital Poetry Timeline (2003)
  Authors: Christopher T. Funkhouser
  http://web.njit.edu/~funkhous
  Visit website
  
• Poetry Digital Media and Cybertext (2004)
  Authors: Christopher T. Funkhouser
  http://web.njit.edu/~funkhous
  download [1.12 MB]
  
• Interactive Reading, Early Modern Texts and Hypertext: A Lesson from the Past
  Authors: Tatjana Chorney
  http://www.academiccommons.org
  Visit website
  

• TCR September Launch Party
  download [162.99 KB]
  

• Machine Translation at the Cambridge Language Research Unit 1956-1967 (1986)
  Authors: John Hutchins
  Machine translation: past, present, future
  download [175.95 KB]
  Visit website
  

• Machine humour: An implemented model of puns (1996)
  Authors: Kim Binsted
  Ph.D. University of Edinburgh
  download [973.28 KB]
  
• Linguistic Creativity at Different Levels of Decision in Sentence Production (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid
  download [161.53 KB]
  
• Exploring Quantitative Evaluations of the Creativity of Automatic Poets (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [66.55 KB]
  
• Computer Understanding of Conventional Metaphoric Language (1992)
  Authors: James H. Martin
  University of California, Berkely
  download [349.28 KB]
  
• Modelling: a study in words and meanings (2003)
  Authors: Willard McCarty
  King’s College London
  download [293.82 KB]
  
• Computational Modelling of Linguistic Humour: Tom Swifties (1992)
  Authors: Greg Lessard and Michael Levison
  ALLC/ACH Conference, 1992, Oxford
  Visit website
  
• A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)
  Authors: Claude E. Shannon
  Bell System Technical Journal
  download [357.71 KB]
  
• Context as Spurious Concept (1997)
  Authors: Graeme Hirst
  AAAI Fall Symposium on Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997
  download [70.82 KB]
  
• Semantic Networks
  Authors: John F. Sowa
  Visit website
  

• An Algorithmic Approach to English Pluralization
  Authors: Damian Conway
  School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monash University, Australia
  Visit website
  
• Morphological Parsing with a Unification-based Word Grammar (PC-KIMMO) (1994)
  Authors: Evan L. Antworth
  North Texas Natural Language Processing Workshop
  Visit website
  
• A Simpler, Intuitive Approach to Morpheme Induction (2005)
  Authors: Samarth Keshava and Emily Pitler
  MorphoChallenge 2005, http://www.cis.hut.fi/morphochallenge2005/
  download [105.45 KB]
  
• Computational Morphology (A handbook)
  Authors: Harald Trost
  Das Institut für Medizinische Kybernetik und Artificial Intelligence (IMKAI)
  Visit website
  
• Morphological Analysis (1973)
  Authors: Martin Kay
  Computational And Mathematical Linguistics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics
  download [854.16 KB]
  

• Narrative Prose Generation (2001)
  Authors: Charles Callaway and James Lester
  In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA,
  download [542.19 KB]
  
• Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative (2005)
  Authors: Manfred Jahn
  English Department, University of Cologne
  download [496.33 KB]
  Visit website
  

• A Flexible Integrated Architecture For Generating Poetic Texts (2000)
  Authors: Hisar Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, Henry Thompson
  In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP 2000), Chiang Mai, Thailand 10-12 May 2000
  download [182.19 KB]
  
• Towards A Computational Model of Poetry Generation (2000)
  Authors: Hisar Maruli Manurung, Graeme Ritchie, Henry Thompson
  Informatics Research Report EDI-INF-RR-0015
  download [72.24 KB]
  
• Narrative Prose Generation (2001)
  Authors: Charles Callaway and James Lester
  In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA,
  download [542.19 KB]
  
• Building Applied Natural Language Generation Systems (1997)
  Authors: Ehud Reiter and Robert Dale
  Journal of Natural Language Engineering ,
  download [382.44 KB]
  
• The Practical Value of n-grams in generation (1998)
  Authors: Langkilde, I. and Knight,K
  In Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Workshop (INLG), Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.
  download [166.52 KB]
  
• Linguistic Creativity at Different Levels of Decision in Sentence Production (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid
  download [161.53 KB]
  
• Modeling Literary Style for Semi-Automatic Generation of Poetry (2001)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Programación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [21.73 KB]
  
• Exploring Quantitative Evaluations of the Creativity of Automatic Poets (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [66.55 KB]
  
• Principles and Processes of Generative Literature: Questions to Literature (2005)
  Authors: Jean-Pierre Balpe
  dichtung-digital - journal für digitale ästhetik
  Visit website
  
• Literalgorithmics: Wanderings in Linguistic and Literary Text Analysis (1989)
  Authors: Paul Braffort (ALAMO)
  internal ALAMO report
  Visit website
  
• The WASP Poetry Generation System (2005)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Visit website
  
• Reading Processes: Hartman’s Virtual Muse (2005)
  Authors: Noah Wardrip-Fruin
  http://grandtextauto.gatech.edu
  Visit website
  
• FROGS: A Framework for Developing Natural Language Generation Software (2005)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás, Raquel Hervás Ballesteros, Carlos García Ibáñez and Miguel Ancochea Nodal
  Visit website
  
• TEAnO, an Organization for the Application of Computers to Art Production (1996)
  Authors: P. Ferrara - Etnoteam spa, TEAnO
  TEAnO
  download [179.55 KB]
  Visit website
  
• An Evolutionary Algorithm Approach to Poetry Generation (2003)
  Authors: Hisar Maruli Manurung
  Institute for Communicating and Collaborative Systems, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh
  download [2.11 MB]
  

• Natural Language Processing: a historical review (2001)
  Authors: Karen Sparck Jones
  Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge
  download [402.71 KB]
  
• Language Processing and the Thesaurus (1997)
  Authors: Yorick Wilks
  http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~yorick
  download [48.85 KB]
  

• A Perl program for sentence splitting using rules (2001)
  Authors: Paul Clough
  University of Sheffield
  download [614.24 KB]
  
• What is a word, What is a sentence? Problems of Tokenization (1994)
  Authors: Gregory Grefenstette, Pasi Tapanainen
  Rank Xerox Research Centre Grenoble Laboratory
  download [205.95 KB]
  

• TCR September Launch Party
  download [162.99 KB]
  

• TextTiling: A Quantitative Approach to Discourse Segmentation (1993 )
  Authors: Marti A. Hearst
  Technical Report UCB:S2K-93-24
  download [80.98 KB]
  
• A Perl program for sentence splitting using rules (2001)
  Authors: Paul Clough
  University of Sheffield
  download [614.24 KB]
  
• What is a word, What is a sentence? Problems of Tokenization (1994)
  Authors: Gregory Grefenstette, Pasi Tapanainen
  Rank Xerox Research Centre Grenoble Laboratory
  download [205.95 KB]
  
• Segmenting Natural Language by Articulatory Features (1967)
  Authors: David Shillan
  Cambridge Language Research Unit
  download [457.11 KB]
  
• About TextTiling
  Authors: Marti Hearst
  Visit website
  

• Semantic Networks
  Authors: John F. Sowa
  Visit website
  
• Language Processing and the Thesaurus (1997)
  Authors: Yorick Wilks
  http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~yorick
  download [48.85 KB]
  

• Analysing Style - Readability (2000)
  Authors: Paul Clough
  METER Corpus Experiments
  download [85.47 KB]
  
• Modeling Literary Style for Semi-Automatic Generation of Poetry (2001)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos y Programación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [21.73 KB]
  
• Exploring Quantitative Evaluations of the Creativity of Automatic Poets (2002)
  Authors: Pablo Gervás
  Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
  download [66.55 KB]
  
• Discrimination of Authoship using Visualization (1994)
  Authors: Bradley Kjell, W. Addison Woods, Ophir Fieder
  Information Processing and Management, Volume 30, Number 1, 1994
  download [346.43 KB]
  
• Minnesota Contextual Content Analysis system (2001)
  Authors: Ken Litkowski and Don McTavish
  Visit website
  
• Style vs. Expression in Literary Narratives (2005)
  Authors: Uzuner, Ö., Katz, B.
  Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference (SIGIR 2005)
  Visit website
  

• Statistics-Based Summarization Step One: Sentence Compression (2000)
  Authors: Kevin Knight, Daniel Marcu
  AAAI/IAAI.
  download [200.19 KB]
  
• Producing Intelligent Telegraphic Text Reduction to Provide an Audio Scanning Service for the Blind (1998)
  Authors: Gregory Grefenstette
  AAAI Spring Symposium
  download [145.29 KB]
  
• TextTiling: A Quantitative Approach to Discourse Segmentation (1993 )
  Authors: Marti A. Hearst
  Technical Report UCB:S2K-93-24
  download [80.98 KB]
  

• A Simple Rule-Based Part Of Speech Tagger (1992)
  Authors: Eric Brill
  Proceedings of ANLP-92, 3rd Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing
  download [152.21 KB]
  
• Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning and Natural Language Processing: A Case Study in Part of Speech Tagging (1995)
  Authors: Eric Brill.
  Computational Linguistics
  download [274 KB]
  
• Deterministic Part-of-Speech Tagging with Finite State Transducers (1995)
  Authors: Emmanuel Roche, Yves Schabes
  Computational Linguistics
  download [380.29 KB]
  
• Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank (1993)
  Authors: Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz
  University of Pennsylvania
  Visit website
  

• Principles and Processes of Generative Literature: Questions to Literature (2005)
  Authors: Jean-Pierre Balpe
  dichtung-digital - journal für digitale ästhetik
  Visit website
  
• Multilingual Algorithms for Literary Text Analysis (MALTA) (1989?)
  Authors: Paul Braffort, Josiane Joncquel (members of the ALAMO group)
  Visiting scholars, University of Chicago
  Visit website
  
• Literalgorithmics: Wanderings in Linguistic and Literary Text Analysis (1989)
  Authors: Paul Braffort (ALAMO)
  internal ALAMO report
  Visit website
  
• French e-poetry: A short/long story (2002)
  Authors: Patrick-Henri Burgaud
  dichtung-digital - journal für digitale ästhetik
  Visit website
  
• COMPUTER POETRY (1992)
  Authors: M. Vincent van Mechelen
  Visit website
  
• Modelling: a study in words and meanings (2003)
  Authors: Willard McCarty
  King’s College London
  download [293.82 KB]
  
• What is text analysis, really? (2003)
  Authors: Geoffrey Rockwell
  Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2003, p. 209-219.
  download [252.43 KB]
  
• A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)
  Authors: Claude E. Shannon
  Bell System Technical Journal
  download [357.71 KB]
  
• Poetry Digital Media and Cybertext (2004)
  Authors: Christopher T. Funkhouser
  http://web.njit.edu/~funkhous
  download [1.12 MB]
  
• Context as Spurious Concept (1997)
  Authors: Graeme Hirst
  AAAI Fall Symposium on Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1997
  download [70.82 KB]
  
• Interactive Reading, Early Modern Texts and Hypertext: A Lesson from the Past
  Authors: Tatjana Chorney
  http://www.academiccommons.org
  Visit website
  
• Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative (2005)
  Authors: Manfred Jahn
  English Department, University of Cologne
  download [496.33 KB]
  Visit website
  

• Seeing the Text Through the Trees: Visualization and Interactivity in the Text Applications (1999)
  Authors: Dr. Geoffrey Rockwell, John Bradley and Patricia Monger
  Literary and Linguistic Computing, vol. 14, no. 1, 1999, p. 115-130.
  download [295.14 KB]